Acute Distal Biceps Tendon Injury: Diagnosis and Treatment / Lesões agudas do tendão distal do bíceps: Diagnóstico e tratamento

Abstract Acute distal biceps injuries clinically present with sudden pain and acute loss of flexion and supination strength. The main injury mechanism occurs during the eccentric load of the biceps. The hook test is the most significant examination test, presenting the highest sensibility and specificity for this lesion. Magnetic resonance imaging, the gold standard imaging test, can provide information regarding integrity and identify partial and/or complete tears. The surgical treatment uses an anterior or double approach and several reattachment techniques. Although there is no clinical evidence to recommend one fixation method over the other, biomechanical studies show that the cortical button resists better to failure. Although surgical treatment led to an 89% rate of return to work in 14 weeks, the recovery of high sports performance occurred in 1 year, with unsustainable outcomes.

Resumo As lesões agudas do tendão distal do bíceps se apresentam, clinicamente, com uma dor súbita associada a perda aguda de força de flexão e supinação. Seu principal mecanismo de lesão ocorre durante contração excêntrica do bíceps. O "Hook Test" é o principal teste semiológico, sendo o mais sensível e específico. A ressonância magnética, exame padrão ouro para o diagnóstico, pode fornecer informações sobre a integridade, identificando as lesões parciais e/ou completas. O tratamento cirúrgico pode ser realizado por duas vias principais: anterior e por dupla via porém as técnicas de reinserção tendínea são diversas não havendo evidência clínica que recomende um método de fixação em detrimento ao outro; embora o botão cortical apresente maior resistência a falha nos estudos biomecânicos. Com o tratamento cirúrgico o retorno as atividades laborais foi de 89% em 14 semanas (média) porém ao esporte de alto rendimento o prazo foi longo, média de 1 ano, e não duradouro.

The Baumann Angle: An Analysis from Theory to Practice / O ângulo de Baumann: Uma análise da teoria à prática

Abstract Objective To analyze how the Baumann angle (BA) is affected by inadequate radiographic inclinations. Methods The study was performed from radiographs of the distal humerus of children aged 3 to 10 years. The BA measurements performed by five observers were compared, and each radiograph was evaluated for its quality as "adequate" or "inadequate." The correlation between radiographic quality and the normality of the angles was evaluated. Results Sample was composed of 141 patients, 44% between 3 and 6 years of age and 56% between 7 and 10. We observed the BA between 52.01 and 89.82 degrees, with about 16% of the measurements outside the normal limits of the literature. A total of 33.3% of the evaluated radiographs were classified as "inadequate". On the BA measurements outside the normality parameter, we observed that its proportion was higher among images with inadequate radiographic quality (31.1 vs. 6.2%), and this difference was significant (p< 0.001). Conclusions The BA is a very variable measurement and, alone, it is unreliable for the evaluation of angular deformities of the pediatric elbow, with radiographic quality proven to be an important causal factor of this variability.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar como o ângulo de Baumann (AB) é afetado por inclinações radiográficas inadequadas. Métodos Estudo realizado a partir de radiografias do úmero distal de crianças de 3 a 10 anos. Foram comparadas as aferições do AB realizadas por cinco observadores, e cada radiografia foi avaliada quanto à sua qualidade em "adequada" ou "inadequada". A correlação entre a qualidade radiográfica e a normalidade dos ângulos foi avaliada. Resultados Amostra composta por 141 pacientes, 44% entre 3 e 6 anos e 56% entre 7 e 10. Observamos AB entre 52,01 e 89,82 graus, tendo cerca de 16% das medidas fora dos limites de normalidade da literatura. Um total de 33,3% das radiografias avaliadas foram classificadas como "inadequadas". Sobre as medidas do AB fora do parâmetro da normalidade, observamos que sua proporção foi maior entre as imagens com qualidade radiográfica inadequada (31,1% vs. 6,2%), tendo essa diferença se mostrado significativa (p< 0,001). Conclusões O AB é uma medida muito variável e, isoladamente, pouco confiável para a avaliação de deformidades angulares do cotovelo pediátrico, tendo a qualidade radiográfica se mostrado um fator causal importante dessa variabilidade.

Luxaciones complejas de codo con inestabilidad póstero-lateral: ¿cuáles son las mejores opciones de tratamiento? revisión bibliográfica sistematizada / Complex elbow dislocations with postero-lateral instability: what are the best treatment options? systematized bibliographic review / Luxações complexas do cotovelo com instabilidade póstero-lateral: quais são as melhores opções de tratamento? revisão bibliográfica sistematizada

Introducción: El 25% de las luxaciones de codo corresponden a luxaciones complejas, que se definen como aquellas luxaciones que se acompañan de lesiones óseas, siendo las mismas más inestables que la luxaciones puras o simples. Estas lesiones han planteado un importante desafío terapéutico, ya que históricamente se han obtenido pobres resultados funcionales. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la bibliografía acerca del tratamiento de las luxaciones complejas de codo con inestabilidad posterolateral, y valorar los resultados de las múltiples opciones terapéuticas. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó la búsqueda sistematizada utilizando el buscador PubMed, obteniéndose un total de 1450 artículos, de los cuales 32 cumplieron con los criterios de inclusión y exclusión establecidos. Resultados: Los estudios analizados fueron de bajo nivel de evidencia, III o IV, correspondiendo en su mayoría a series de casos retrospectivos. Destaca la gran cantidad de variantes terapúticas existentes, con diferentes protocolos terapéuticos, que arrojan resultados funcionales similares. Conclusiones: Las luxaciones complejas del codo corresponden a lesiones complejas, capaces de causar secuelas funcionales importantes en los pacientes. El establecimiento de protocolos terapéuticos es clave para obtener mejores resultados funcionales.

Introduction: 25% of elbow dislocations correspond to complex dislocations, which are defined as those dislocations that are accompanied by bone injuries, being more unstable than pure or simple dislocations. These lesions have set an important therapeutic challenge, since historically poor functional results have been obtained. The objective of this study is to review the literature on the treatment of complex elbow dislocations with posterolateral instability, and to assess the results of the multiple therapeutic options. Materials and Methods: The systematized search was carried out using the Pubmed search engine, obtaining a total of 1450 articles, of which 32 met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: The studies analyzed were of a low level of evidence, III or IV, corresponding mostly to retrospective case series. The large number of existing therapeutic variants stands out, with different therapeutic protocols, which yield similar functional results. Conclusions: Complex elbow dislocations correspond to complex injuries, capable of causing important functional sequelae in patients. The establishment of therapeutic protocols is key to obtaining better functional results.

Introdução: 25% das luxações do cotovelo correspondem a luxações complexas, que são definidas como aquelas luxações acompanhadas de lesões ósseas, sendo as mesmas mais instáveis ​​que as luxações puras ou simples. Essas lesões representam um importante desafio terapêutico, uma vez que resultados funcionais historicamente ruins têm sido obtidos. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a literatura sobre o tratamento das luxações complexas do cotovelo com instabilidade póstero-lateral e avaliar os resultados das múltiplas opções terapêuticas. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizada uma busca sistematizada por meio do mecanismo de busca PubMed, obtendo-se um total de 1450 artigos, dos quais 32 atenderam aos critérios de inclusão e exclusão estabelecidos. Resultados: Os estudos analisados ​​foram de baixo nível de evidência, III ou IV, correspondendo em sua maioria a séries de casos retrospectivas. Destaca-se o grande número de variantes terapêuticas existentes, com diferentes protocolos terapêuticos, que apresentam resultados funcionais semelhantes. Conclusões: As luxações complexas do cotovelo correspondem a lesões complexas, capazes de causar sequelas funcionais importantes nos pacientes. O estabelecimento de protocolos terapêuticos é fundamental para obter melhores resultados funcionais.

Osteosintesis de fracturas complejas de húmero distal. Nuestra experiencia / Osteosynthesis of complex fractures of the distal humerus. Our experience

Objetivo: Describir los resultados obtenidos en el tratamiento de las fracturas de húmero distal mediante reducción abierta y fijación interna y reflejar si el abordaje empleado tuvo impacto en el resultado funcional. Materiales y métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio retrospectivo de presentación de casos. Se evaluó a 19 pacientes con diagnóstico de fractura de húmero distal compleja tratados con reducción abierta y fijación interna entre 2015 y 2021. Se realizó un control radiográfico periódico y se evaluó el resultado funcional mediante escalas internacionales, como DASH y MEPS. Luego se procedió a extrapolar las variables obtenidas utilizando un programa estadístico. Resultados: Se logró la consolidación de todas las fracturas. Se empleó el abordaje de Alonso Llames en 7 pacientes (37%) y la osteotomía de olécranon en 12 casos (63%). El puntaje DASH promedio fue de 11,31, lo que determinó discapacidades leves. El puntaje MEPS obtenido fue excelente en un paciente (5,26%), bueno en 10 (52,6%), regular en 7 (36,84%) y pobre en 1 (5,26%). Conclusiones: La reducción abierta y la fijación interna son eficaces para tratar las fracturas complejas de húmero distal, permiten lograr buenos resultados posquirúrgicos. En esta serie, el 57% de los pacientes obtuvo resultados excelentes o buenos. No se halló una diferencia estadísticamente significativa con respecto a la elección de un abordaje u otro. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Objective: To describe the results obtained in the treatment of distal humerus fractures by open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) and to reflect whether the approach used had an impact on the functional outcome. Materials and methods: We carried out a retrospective case study of 19 patients with a diagnosis of complex distal humerus fracture who were treated with ORIF from 2015 to 2021. Periodic radiographic controls were performed and the functional outcome was evaluated using internationally known scales such as the DASH and Mayo Elbow performance Score (MEPS), then the variables obtained were extrapolated using statistical software. Results: A 100% consolidation rate was achieved; in 7 patients (37%), the Alonso Llames approach was used and in 12 cases (63%), we performed an olecranon osteotomy. The average DASH was 11.31, which determined mild disabilities. The MEPS obtained was excellent in 1 patient (5.26%), good in 10 (52,6%), fair in 7 (36.84%), and poor in 1(5.26%). When comparing the results obtained through the different approaches a P = 0.4197 was obtained in the ANOVA test and P =0.4723 in the Mann-Whitney/Wilcoxon Two sample Test. Conclusions: We conclude that ORIF is effective in the treatment of complex fractures of the distal humerus, allowing the surgeon to obtain good post-surgical results. In this series, the average DASH was 11.31, with excellent and good results in 57% of the patients. We found no statistically significant difference regarding the choice of one approach or the other. Level of Evidence: IV

Fracturas articulares complejas del húmero distal. Recomendaciones para optimizar los resultados y disminuir las complicaciones / Complex articular fractures of the distal humerus. Recommendations to optimize outcomes and reduce complications

Las fracturas articulares complejas del húmero distal suponen un gran desafío para el cirujano ortopédico. La complejidad de la anatomía, la presencia de múltiples fragmentos y la mala calidad ósea representan algunas de las principales dificultades para resolver. La relativa infrecuencia de estas fracturas atenta directamente contra el entrenamiento y la sistematización del procedimiento quirúrgico y, por consiguiente, tiene impacto sobre el resultado final y la tasa de complicaciones. El objetivo de esta comunicación es proporcionar herramientas al cirujano a través de la revisión de la bibliografía y la experiencia de los autores para disminuir las complicaciones y optimizar los resultados en el tratamiento de estas fracturas..Nivel de Evidencia: V

Complex articular fractures of the distal humerus represent a real challenge for orthopedic surgeons. The complexity of the anatomy, fracture patterns, the presence of multiple fragments, and low bone density in the elderly represent some difficulties to address. The relatively low frequency of these fractures directly undermines training and systematization of the surgical procedure and therefore has an impact on the final functional outcome and complication rate. The aim of this article is to provide practical tools to the novel surgeon, through the review of the literature and the author ́s experience, to reduce complications and optimize the treatment of these fractures. Level of Evidence: V

Bilateral triceps tendon approach is flexible and efficient in the treatment of type C distal humerus fractures / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The purpose of this study was to assess and compare elbow range of motion, triceps extension strength and functional results of type C (AO/OTA) distal humerus fractures treated with bilateral triceps tendon (BTT) approach and olecranon osteotomy (OO). At the same time, we are also trying to know whether BTT approach can provide sufficient vision for comminuted intra-articular fractures of the distal humerus, and whether it is convenient to convert to the treatment to total elbow arthroplasty (TEA) or OO.@*METHODS@#Patients treated with OO and BTT approaches for type C distal humerus fractures between July 2014 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Inclusion criteria include: (1) patients' age were more than 18 years old, (2) follow-up was no less than 6 months, and (3) patients were diagnosed with type C fractures (based on the AO/OTA classification). Exclusion criteria include: (1) open fractures (Gustillo type 2 or type 3), (2) treated by other approaches, and (3) presented with combined injuries of ipsilateral upper extremities, such as ulnar nerve. Elbow range of motion and triceps extension strength testing were completely valuated, when the fractures had healed. Assessment of functional results using the Mayo elbow performance score and complications were conducted in final follow-up. The data were compared using the two tailed Student's t-test. All data were presented as mean ± standard deviation.@*RESULTS@#Eighty-six patients of type C distal humerus fractures, treated by OO and BTT approach were retrospectively reviewed between July 2014 and December 2017. Fifty-five distal humerus fractures (23 males and 32 females, mean age 52.7 years) treated by BTT approach or OO were included in this study. There were 10 fractures of type C1, 16 type C2 and 29 type C3 according to the AO/OTA classification. Patients were divided into two surgical approach groups chosen by the operators: BTT group (28 patients) and OO group (27 patients). And the mean follow-up time of all patients was 15.6 months (range, 6-36 months). Three cases in BTT group were converted to TEA, and one converted to OO. Only one case in BTT group presented poor articular reduction with a step more than 2 mm. There were not significantly different in functional outcomes according to the Mayo elbow performance score, operation time and extension flexion motion are values between BTT group and OO group (p > 0.05). Complications and reoperation rate were also similar in the two groups. Triceps manual muscle testing were no significant difference in the two groups, even subdivided in elder patients (aged >60 years old).@*CONCLUSION@#BTT is a safe approach to achieve similar functional result comparing with OO. BTT were not suitable for every case with severe comminuted pattern, but it avoids the potential complications related to OO, and has no complications concerning with triceps tendon. It is convenient for open reduction internal fixation and flexible to be converted to OO, as well as available to be converted to TEA in elder patients.

Resultados funcionales de las fracturas desplazadas del cuello del radio en niños: correlación entre las medidas de resultado informadas por el paciente (PROMIS y QuickDASH) / Functional outcomes of displaced radial neck fractures in children: Correlation between patient-reported outcomes (PROMIS and QuickDASH)

Introducción: Nuestros objetivos fueron: 1) evaluar los resultados subjetivos en pacientes esqueléticamente inmaduros que habían sido sometidos a una cirugía por fracturas desplazadas del cuello del radio, 2) comparar el desempeño del PROMIS y QuickDASH y 3) evaluar los efectos de piso y techo de las medidas de resultado. Materiales y métodos: Se evaluaron los datos demográficos, las lesiones asociadas, el tipo de fractura, la técnica quirúrgica y las complicaciones. La evaluación funcional se realizó con la escala QuickDASH y el instrumento PROMIS (Upper Extremity/Strength/Pain Interference). Las correlaciones de las escalas se efectuaron con el coeficiente rho de Spearman. El valor alfa se estableció en 0,05. Resultados: Se incluyó a 26 pacientes (13 varones) con una edad promedio de 7.5 años. El seguimiento promedio fue de 31 meses. Hubo correlaciones significativas entre las métricas QuickDASH y PROMIS Upper Extremity posoperatorias (rs = -0,64; p = 0,003). No se halló una correlación entre PROMIS Pain Interference y PROMIS Strength con el QuickDASH (rs = 0,001; p = 0,966 y rs = -0,39; p = 0,101, respectivamente). Se observaron efectos de techo o piso en todas las escalas. Conclusiones: Hubo una marcada correlación entre el PROMIS Upper Extremity y el QuickDASH para evaluar los resultados después de la cirugía de fracturas del cuello del radio en niños. Sin embargo, todas las medidas tuvieron marcados efectos de piso y techo, probablemente debido al tamaño de la cohorte y a que un alto porcentaje de estas fracturas suelen tener resultados clínicos favorables. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: Objectives: 1) to evaluate the subjective outcomes in skeletally immature patients undergoing surgical treatment of displaced radial neck fractures, 2) to compare the performance between PROMIS and QuickDash, 3) to evaluate the floor/ceiling effects of the outcome measurements. We hypothesized that the PROMIS scale would correlate favorably with QuickDash and would demonstrate lower floor or ceiling effects. Materials and methods: Demographic data, associated lesions, fracture type, surgical technique, and complications were evaluated. QuickDash and PROMIS scales (PROMIS Upper Extremity (UE), PROMIS Strength and PROMIS Pain interference) were used for functional assessment. The Shapiro-Wilk test was used to analyze the normal distribution of the data. Metrics correlations were made with Spearman's rho coefficient. Ceiling and floor effects were further assessed. The alpha value was set at 0.05. Results: 26 patients were evaluated. Average age: 7.5 years; average follow-up: 31 months. There were significant correlations between the postoperative QuickDash and PROMIS UE metrics (rs = -0.64, p = 0.003). We found no correlation between PROMIS Pain and PROMIS Strength with QuickDash (rs = 0.001, p = 0.966 and rs = -0.39, p = 0.101 respectively). Ceiling or floor effects were observed at all scales. Conclusion: We observed a strong correlation between PROMIS UE and QuickDash assessing the results after surgical treatment of radial neck fractures in children. However, all the measures had evident floor/ceiling effects, probably due to the size of the cohort and the fact that a high percentage of these fractures usually present favorable clinical outcomes. Level of Evidence: IV

Luxación aislada de codo en niños menores de 10 años: reporte de dos casos / Isolated elbow dislocation in children under 10 years of age. Report of two cases

La luxación de codo aislada es muy infrecuente en esqueletos inmaduros. El manejo y el tratamiento no están estandarizados debido a la baja casuística. Las luxaciones aisladas en niños <10 años constituyen un cuadro descrito como evidencia compartida en estudios de niños más grandes. El objetivo de este artículo es comunicar dos casos de luxación aislada de codo en niños <10 años. Los niños consultan a la unidad de urgencias por dolor y deformidad en el codo a las pocas horas del trauma. En ambos casos, se realizaron evaluaciones clínicas y radiográficas en busca de lesiones asociadas antes de la reducción cerrada y después. Se descartó inestabilidad articular bajo anestesia y se inmovilizó por dos semanas. Los resultados funcionales fueron excelentes en ambos casos, a los tres meses de la lesión. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Isolated elbow dislocation is extremely rare in immature skeletons. Due to the low casuistry, the management and treatment are not standardized. Isolated dislocations in children under 10 years of age constitute a pathology described as shared evidence in studies of older children. The objective of this report is to share the experience of two cases of isolated elbow dislocation in children under 10 years of age. The children consult the emergency unit about pain and elbow deformity a few hours after the trauma. For each case, a clinical and radiological evaluation was developed in search of associated lesions before and after closed reduction. Joint instability was ruled out under anesthesia and the patient is immobilized for two weeks. Excellent functional outcomes were obtained in both cases three months after the injury. Level of Evidence: IV

Características, abordaje terapéutico y evolución de las fracturas supracondíleas de húmero distal en población pediátrica / Characteristics, treatment approach and evolution of supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus in pediatric population

OBJETIVO: describir las características epidemiológicas y clínicas, el abordaje terapéutico y la evolución de las fracturas supracondíleas de húmero distal (FxH) en la población pediátrica de un hospital terciario. MÉTODO: estudio descriptivo transversal (serie de casos). Se incluyó a todos los pacientes pediátricos atendidos en urgencias de un hospital terciario por FxH entre 2015 y 2019. Se recopilaron datos epidemiológicos (sexo, edad, época del año), clínicos y radiográficos (tipo de fractura según clasificación de Gartland, lateralidad, antecedentes), tipo de tratamiento, complicaciones y resultados funcionales a partir de la revisión de las historias clínicas. Se realizaron índices de estadística descriptiva. RESULTADOS: se obtuvieron 121 casos (53,7% chicos, edad media de 5,2 años). La lesión se produjo con más frecuencia en parques de juego (59,5%) en épocas cálidas. El 53,7% se localizó en el codo izquierdo. Un 41,3% fue FxH tipo 1 (no desplazadas), el 23,1% tipo 2 y el 35,3% tipo 3. El tratamiento fue conservador en el 100% de las FxH tipo 1 y quirúrgico en el 54,5% del total de casos. Se encontraron complicaciones en el 2,5% de los pacientes. El 87,6% recuperó la movilidad completa, solo se encontró limitación para la flexión en pacientes con Fx tipo 3 (34,9%). CONCLUSIÓN: las FxH fueron más habituales en varones de unos 5 años tras caídas en parques de juego y con mayor frecuencia tipo 1. El tratamiento más común fue quirúrgico. Las complicaciones y recuperaciones parciales se dieron tras fracturas desplazadas. Es importante que las/os enfermeras/os estén familiarizadas con esta patología para prevenir complicaciones potenciales

OBJECTIVE: to describe the epidemiological and clinical characteristics, the treatment approach and evolution of supracondylar fractures of the distal humerus (SFDH) in the pediatric population of a tertiary hospital. METHOD: a descriptive cross-sectional study (case series), including all pediatric patients seen at the Emergency Unit of a tertiary hospital due to SFDH between 2015 and 2019. Epidemiological details were collected (gender, age, time of the year), as well as clinical and radiographic (type of fracture according to the Gartland classification, laterality, background), type of treatment, complications, and functional outcomes based on a review of clinical records. Descriptive statistical indexes were conducted. RESULTS: in total, 121 cases were retrieved (53.7% boys, 5.2 years as mean age). The injury occurred more frequently in playgrounds (59.5%) in warm weather; 53.7% were located in the left elbow; and 41.3% were Type 1 SFDH (non-displaced), 23.1% were Type 2 and 35.3% were Type 3. Treatment was conservative in 100% of Type 1 SFDHs, and surgical in 54.5% of cases. Complications were found in 2.5% of patients: 87.6% of them recovered complete mobility, and limited flexion was only found in patients with Type 3 (SFDH) (34.9%). CONCLUSION: SFDHs were more frequent in 5-year-old males after falls in playgrounds, and Type 1 cases were more frequent. The most common treatment was surgical. Complications and partial recoveries occurred after displaced fractures. It is important for nurses to be familiar with this condition in order to prevent any potential complications

Resultados clínicos de la artroplastia radial en la tríada terrible de Hotchkiss, a propósito de 47 casos / Clinical results of radial arthroplasty in Hotchkiss' terrible triad, a case series of 47

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las fracturas de cabeza radial representan el 33-75% de las fracturas del codo (30 casos/100.000 habitantes/año). La «tríada terrible de Hotchkiss» se caracteriza por fractura de cúpula radial, coronoides y luxación del codo. Nuestro objetivo principal es comparar los resultados según el tipo de prótesis utilizada en el contexto de la tríada. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, descriptivo y retrospectivo. Tamaño muestral de 47 pacientes. Variables analizadas: filiación, clasificación de Mason, aspectos quirúrgicos (demora, tiempo quirúrgico, tipo de prótesis, reintervenciones), tiempo rehabilitador, causas de fracaso protésico, complicaciones, hallazgos radiológicos (según Van-Riet), zonas de aflojamiento (Popovic), escalas MEPS y Cassebaum. Se realizó un estudio intergrupal entre los tipos protésicos monopolar y bipolar, para ver los resultados obtenidos. RESULTADOS: Edad media: 43,5+/-8,9 años. El 72,7% de profesionales de grandes esfuerzos. La fractura Mason IV apareció en todos los casos y la tipo I de Regan y Morrey para coronoides (42,6%); 22 prótesis bipolares y 25 prótesis monopolares. Tiempo de intervención: 112,3+/-59,1 min. Fijación externa en el 6,4%. MEPS final: 85,9+/-15 puntos. Tiempo rehabilitador: 4,7+/-2,5 meses. Alta por mejoría: 76,6%. Cassebaum bueno-excelente en el 74,5%. Hubo 3 casos de movilización protésica, 29,8% de osificaciones heterotópicas y sobredimensionado en el 15,2%. En el estudio intergrupal, objetivamos que con prótesis monopolares hubo menor tiempo quirúrgico (p = 0,006), menores reintervenciones (p = 0,05), menor rigidez (p = 0,04), osificación heterotópica (p = 0,004) o aflojamiento protésico (p = 0,005), sin influir en escala MEPS (p = 0,44). CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados obtenidos en tríadas terribles con prótesis en nuestra experiencia son favorables. El tipo protésico sí influye, ya que el tiempo quirúrgico para la implantación de una prótesis monopolar fue menor, aunque el tiempo de rehabilitación fue algo mayor. Con las prótesis bipolares se requirió más la fijación externa, siendo también mayor la tasa de reintervenciones, rigidez, movilización protésica, osificación heterotópica y aflojamiento protésico. Sin embargo, no hubo diferencias entre ambos tipos protésicos en cuanto a resultados clínicos, ya fuera MEPS o Cassebaum

INTRODUCTION: Radial head fractures represent 33-75% of elbow fractures (30 cases/100,000 population/year). "Terrible triad's Hotchkiss" is characterized by radial head fracture, coronoid fracture and elbow dislocation. Our principal goal is to compare our results on each type of prosthesis in the context of the triad. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted an observational, descriptive and retrospective study. Sample size was 47 patients. Variables analyzed were affiliation, Mason's classification, surgical aspects (moment of surgery, surgical time, prosthesis type, re-surgery), rehabilitation time, causes of prosthetic failure, complications, radiographic findings (according to van Riet), Popovic's loosening areas, MEPS and Cassebaum's scales. We performed an inter-group study, on patients treated with monopolar or bipolar prosthesis, in order to see results. RESULTS: Average age was 43.5+/-8.9 years. 72.7% were in highly demanding jobs. Mason's fracture type IV appeared in all the cases and Regan-Morrey's type I was the most frequent coronoid fracture (42.6%). There were 22 bipolar prosthesis and 25 monopolar prosthesis. Surgery time was about 112.3+/-59.1minutes. External fixation was used in 6.4%. MEPS final: 85.9+/-15 points. Rehabilitation time was about 4.7+/-2.5 months. Of the patients, 76.6% returned to work. Cassebaum's results were good-excellent in 74.5% of patients. There were 3 cases of prosthetic mobilization. Heterotopic ossification appeared in 29.8% of cases and 15.2% presented overstuffing. With regard to the inter-group study, we observed that there was less surgical time with monopolar prosthesis (P=.006), fewer second look surgeries (P=.05), less stiffness (P=.04), less heterotopic ossification (P=.004) and septic loosening (P=.005), without any influence on MEPS (P=.44). CONCLUSIONS: Results obtained in terrible triads with prostheses in our experience are good. Prosthetic type influences results, because surgical time for implantation of a monopolar prosthesis was less than for a bipolar one, although rehabilitation time was longer. With bipolar prostheses, external fixation was required, with a higher rate of reinterventions, stiffness, prosthetic mobilization, heterotopic ossification and prosthetic loosening. However, there were no differences between the 2prosthetic types in terms of clinical results, like MEPS or Cassebaum scores

Compartment syndrome after distal biceps brachii tendon rupture in an athlete / Síndrome compartimental em paciente atleta após ruptura do tendão distal do músculo bíceps do braço

ABSTRACT This is a case report of a previously healthy athlete who did not use oral anticoagulant, suffered a rupture of the distal biceps brachii tendon, and evolved with arm compartment syndrome. An emergency fasciotomy and the repair of the tendon were performed. After surgery the patient had a good recovery of the paresthesia and sensibility. This complication is rare and, when reported, is usually associated with patients who use anticoagulant therapy. Due to growth of rupture of distal biceps tendon cases, physicians should be aware that this complication must be treated as an emergency.

RESUMO Relato de caso de paciente atleta, previamente hígido e que não utilizava anticoagulantes orais, com lesão do tendão distal do músculo bíceps braquial, que evoluiu com síndrome compartimental do braço. Realizaram-se fasciotomia de emergência e reparo cirúrgico do tendão, apresentando bom seguimento com recuperação da parestesia e sensibilidade. Essa complicação é bastante rara e, quando relatada, geralmente é associada a pacientes em uso de medicamentos anticoagulantes orais. Contudo, com o aumento da incidência de rupturas do tendão do músculo bíceps braquial, é preciso estar atento à tal complicação que deve ser conduzida como emergência.

Ultrasound-guided costoclavicular block as an alternative for upper limb anesthesia in obese patients / Bloqueio costoclavicular guiado por ultrassonografia como alternativa para anestesia de membro superior em paciente obeso

Abstract Background and objectives: Costoclavicular brachial plexus block is an anesthesia performed through the infraclavicular route described in the literature as a safe and effective route for upper limb anesthesia distal to the elbow. The following report describes the case of a patient whose traditional plexus blocking techniques presented ultrasound visualization difficulty, but the costoclavicular approach was easy to visualize for anesthetic blockade. Case report: A grade 3 obese patient scheduled for repair of left elbow fracture and dislocation. Ultrasound examination revealed a distorted anatomy of the supraclavicular region and the axillary region with skin lesions, which made it impossible to perform the blockade in these regions. It was decided to perform an infraclavicular plexus block at the costoclavicular space, where the brachial plexus structures are more superficial and closer together, supported by a muscular structure, lateral to all adjacent vascular structures and with full view of the pleura. The anesthetic block was effective to perform the procedure with a single injection and uneventfully. Conclusion: Costoclavicular brachial plexus block is a good alternative for upper limb anesthesia distal to the elbow, being a safe and effective option for patients who are obese or have other limitations to the use of other upper limb blocking techniques.

Resumo Justificativa e objetivos: O bloqueio de plexo braquial via costoclavicular é uma anestesia feita por via infraclavicular, já descrita na literatura como uma via segura e efetiva para anestesia de membro superior distal ao cotovelo. O relato a seguir trata de um paciente em que as técnicas tradicionais para bloqueio de plexo apresentavam dificuldade de visibilização à ultrassonografia, já a via costoclavicular foi de fácil visibilização para execução do bloqueio anestésico. Relato de caso: Paciente com obesidade grau 3 a ser submetido a correção de fratura e luxação de cotovelo esquerdo apresentava anatomia da região supraclavicular distorcida à avaliação ultrassonográfica e região axilar com lesões de pele, que impossibilitavam o bloqueio nessas regiões. Optou-se por fazer o bloqueio de plexo via infraclavicular no espaço costoclavicular, região onde as estruturas do plexo braquial estão mais superficiais e unidas, amparadas por uma estrutura muscular, laterais a todas as estruturas vasculares adjacentes e com a visibilização plena da pleura. O bloqueio anestésico foi efetivo para a realização do procedimento sob punção única em pele e sem intercorrências. Conclusão: O bloqueio de plexo braquial via costoclavicular é uma boa opção para anestesia de membro superior distal ao cotovelo, é uma opção segura e efetiva para pacientes obesos ou que tenham outras limitações à aplicação de outras técnicas de bloqueio de membro superior.

Fractura compleja de codo / Complex elbow fracture

Resumen: Las fracturas de codo son secundarias a traumatismos de baja y alta energía, afectan el extremo distal del húmero, olécranon, cabeza radial o una combinación de las anteriores. Las fracturas complejas de codo dificultan la reducción y su posterior fijación, lo que representa un reto para el ortopedista. Es esencial el uso de auxiliares diagnósticos como la tomografía axial computarizada para su diagnóstico y posterior tratamiento. En la actualidad, las nuevas tendencias en la fijación de las mismas y los diversos implantes con los que se cuenta pueden mejorar el pronóstico del paciente. Se presentan dos casos clínicos de fracturas complejas de codo tratadas mediante osteosíntesis.

Abstract: Elbow fractures are secondary to low or high energy trauma affecting the distal humerus, olecranon, radial head or a combination of the above. Complex fractures of the elbow complicate the reduction and its subsequent fixation representing a real challenge for the orthopedic surgeon. It is essential the use of diagnostic aids such as computerized axial tomography for diagnosis and subsequent treatment. Currently new trends in the fixation of the same and the various implants with which it is counted, can improve improve the patient's prognosis. We present two clinical cases of complex elbow fractures treated by osteosynthesis.

Luxación anterior aislada e irreductible de la cúpula radial en un paciente pediátrico: un raro reporte de caso / Isolated irreducible anterior radial head dislocation in a child: a rare case report

La luxación de la cabeza radial suele asociarse a fractura o deformidad plástica cubital. La luxación aislada es rara. Sin tratamiento, puede evolucionar hacia deformidad cubital en valgo, lesión nerviosa, artrosis precoz y pérdida del rango de movilidad con limitación funcional. Se presenta a un paciente de 9 años que sufrió traumatismo de codo. Acudió a nuestra Institución a los 40 días y se diagnosticó luxación irreductible de la cabeza radial, primero desapercibida. La luxación era irreductible por un ojal en el ligamento anular y requirió ser reducida a cielo abierto. En ausencia de fractura, incluso sin evidencia de deformidad plástica del cúbito, debe sospecharse la luxación de la cabeza radial. La clínica, junto con el par radiográfico bilateral y el conocimiento de esta entidad poco frecuente, son el trípode necesario para alcanzar el diagnóstico y no demorar el tratamiento.

Anterior radial head dislocation in pediatric population is related to Monteggia fracture-dislocations. Isolated radial head dislocation is uncommon. Sometimes, radial head dislocation becomes irreducible. This entity can develop into chronic conditions such as nerve injuries, early osteoarthritis, limited range of motion and cubitus valgus. We describe a case of a 9-year-old patient who suffered elbow trauma. He was admitted to our institution 40 days after, where radial head dislocation was diagnosed. This condition was misdiagnosed at first stage. It was irreducible due to a tear in the annular ligament. He underwent open reduction. Radial head dislocation must be suspected even if there are no fractures or plastic deformity. Pure irreducible radial head dislocation is rare. Physical examination, together with plain bilateral radiographs and full acknowledgement of this rare condition are the basis to reach early diagnosis, which leads to proper non-delayed treatment.

Inestabilidad postraumática de codo: revisión bibliográfica / Post-traumatic instability of the elbow: review / Instabilidade pós-traumática do cotovelo: revisão bibliográfica

Introducción: Las luxaciones constituyen del 10 % al 25 % de todas las lesiones en el codo. Aproximadamente el 15% de los pacientes que la han sufrido quedan con algún síntoma compatible con inestabilidad. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar en la literatura los diferentes tratamientos propuestos para esta complicación luego de una luxación simple de codo. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó una búsqueda en bases de datos: Medline (interfase Pub-Med) y Bireme para estudios de los últimos diez años. Se seleccionaron los artículos que cumplieron los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, extrayendo de ellos los datos relevantes y resultados. La búsqueda arrojó un total de 596 artículos de los cuales 10 cumplían con los criterios de inclusión propuestos al iniciar la búsqueda. Discusión: Se analizaron y compararon las tasas de inestabilidad luego de la luxación, los diferentes tipos de tratamiento y las complicaciones. Conclusión: Existe consenso en la literatura analizada de que debe realizarse un examen de estabilidad del codo en agudo para definir el tratamiento. En cuanto al tratamiento en los codos que se presentan inestables la literatura es variable y faltan estudios comparativos para realizar recomendaciones.

Introduction: Dislocations are 10% to 25% of all elbow injuries. Up to 15% of patients with symptoms of instability can be observed. The aim of this study is to review in the literature the different treatments proposed for this complication after a simple elbow dislocation. Materials and Methods: The search was conducted on: Medline (PubMed interface) and Bireme including the last ten years studies. Articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected, and the relevant data and results were extracted. We found a total of 596 articles, 10 met the inclusion criteria proposed at the start of the search. Discussion: We analyzed and compared the rates of instability after dislocation, the different types of treatment and complications. Conclusion: There is consensus in the analyzed literature that an elbow stability test should be performed in acute conditions to define the treatment.Comparative studies are lacking for recommending a definite treatment for elbow instability.

Introdução: Dislocaçõessão de 10% a 25% de todas as lesões no cotovelo. Aproximadamente 15% dos pacientes ficam com algum síntoma compatívelcom instabilidade. O objetivo deste trabalho é rever na literatura os diferentes tratamentos propostos para esta complicação a pósuma simples deslocação do cotovelo. Materiais e métodos: Uma pesquisa foi feita em bancos de dados: Medline (interface Pub-Med) e Bireme para estudos dos últimos dez anos. Foram selecionados artigos que atendem a os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, extraindo os dados relevantes e os resultados deles. A busca gerou um total de 596 artigos, dos quais 10 atendem a os critérios de incluso propostos no início da pesquisa. Discussão: Analisamos e comparamos as taxas de instabilidade após deslocamento, os diferentes tipos de tratamento e complicações. Conclusão: Existe consenso na literatura analisada segundo a qualum teste de estabilidade do cotobelo deve ser realizado em agudos para definir o tratamento. Sobre o tratamento os cotovelo sin stáveis a literatura é diversa e faltam estudos comparativos para realizar recomendações.

Fracturas desplazadas de epicóndilo medial. Revisión bibliográfica sistematizada / Displaced fractures of medial epicondyle. A systematized bibliographic review / Fraturas com Deslocamento de Epicôndilo Medial. Revisão Bibliográfica Sistematizada

Introducción: la fractura de epicóndilo medial representa 12% a 20% de las fracturas del codo pediátrico. Existe controversia en la indicación del tratamiento para las fracturas con un desplazamiento mayor de 2 mm. El objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la indicación y los resultados de los diferentes tratamientos realizados en las fracturas de epicóndilo medial desplazadas más allá de 2 mm. Material y método: se utilizaron las bases de datos electrónicas PubMed y Bireme. La búsqueda arrojó un total de 313 artículos de los cuales nueve cumplían con los criterios de inclusión propuestos al iniciar la búsqueda. Discusión: se analizaron y compararon los métodos de diagnóstico por imagen utilizados y su rendimiento, los diferentes tipos de tratamiento y las complicaciones. Conclusión: no debe ser el desplazamiento de la fractura lo que guíe el tratamiento sino la energía traumática y la estabilidad en valgo del codo. Se han reportado excelentes resultados tanto con tratamiento conservador como quirúrgico de las fracturas desplazadas de epicóndilo medial. Faltan estudios comparativos con seguimiento a largo plazo de buen nivel de evidencia para recomendar uno u otro tratamiento en las fracturas desplazadas de epicóndilo medial.

Introduction: fractures of medial epicondyle represent 12 to 20% of pediatric elbow fractures. Treating fractures with greater than 2 mm of displacement is a matter of debate. The study aims to review indications and results of the different treatments indicated for fractures of medial epicondyle with greater than 2 mm of displacement. Method: the PubMed and Bireme electronic data bases were used. Search revealed 313 articles, 9 of which met the inclusion criteria set upon initiation of the study. Discussion: imaging techniques used and their diagnostic yield were compared, as well as the different of treatments and complications. Conclusion: treatment should not be defined based on the fracture's displacement, but rather on the trauma energy and the valgus stability of the elbow. Excellent results were reported both with a conservative treatment and with a surgical approach to displaced fractures of medial epicondyle. Comparative studies need to be done with long term follow-up that is well recorded to recommend the right treatment for displaced fractures of medial epicondyle.

Introdução: a fratura de epicôndilo medial representa 12 a 20 % das fraturas do cotovelo em crianças. Existe controvérsia na indicação do tratamento para fraturas com deslocamento superior a 2 mm. O objetivo deste trabalho é revisar a indicação e os resultados dos diferentes tratamentos realizados nos casos de fraturas de epicôndilo medial com deslocamento de mais de 2 mm. Materiais e métodos: foram utilizadas as bases de dados electrónicas PubMed e de Bireme. A pesquisa bibliográfica recuperou 313 artículos sendo que 9 cumpriam com os critérios de inclusão propostos no inicio do trabalho. Discussão: foram analisados e comparados os métodos de diagnóstico por imagem utilizada e seu rendimento, os diferentes tipos de tratamento e as complicações. Conclusão: o deslocamento da fratura não deve ser o determinante do tratamento, mas sim a energia traumática e a estabilidade em valgo do cotovelo. Foram informados resultados excelentes tanto com tratamento conservador como cirúrgico das fraturas com deslocamento de epicôndilo medial. Faltam estudos comparativos com seguimento em longo prazo com evidencias de alta qualidade para recomendar o tipo de tratamento nos casos de fraturas com deslocamento de epicôndilo medial.

Luxación convergente en codo pediátrico: Reporte de dos casos / Convergent luxation in pediatric elbow. Report of two cases

Se presentan dos casos clínicos y la revisión de la literatura actual sobre luxación convergente de codo. En el primer caso, se muestra cómo un retraso en el diagnóstico conducirá a una reducción abierta y fijación con agujas de Kirschner, mientras que un diagnóstico temprano permite la reducción cerrada y el tratamiento conservador como se describe en el segundo caso. La clave de diagnóstico para la luxación convergente de codo radica en la correcta interpretación de las radiografías y el bloque de prono-supinación en el examen físico. Se recomienda el uso de indometacina para evitar calcificaciones heterotópicas. El resultado final es mejor cuando el diagnóstico es precoz, independientemente del método de reducción. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

We describe two clinical cases and review the available literature on convergent elbow dislocation. Our first case shows how a delay in the diagnosis will lead to an open reduction and internal fixation with K-wires. On the other hand, an early diagnosis prompts a closed reduction without fixation as it is described in the second case. The diagnostic key for the convergent dislocation of the elbow lies in the correct interpretation of radiographs and the prono-supination block on physical examination. The use of indomethacin is recommended to avoid heterotopic calcifications. The final outcome is better when an early diagnosis is achieved regardless of the reduction method. Level of Evidence: IV

Luxación de codo / Elbow dislocation

La luxación de codo es la luxación más frecuente en extremidad superior tras la luxación glenohumeral. La reducción cerrada en aquellas luxaciones en que no hay lesión ósea asociada es un procedimiento realizable en el ámbito extrahospitalario, por lo que presentamos un repaso de las diferentes técnicas posibles (AU)

Elbow dislocation is the most frequent dislocation in the upper limb after shoulder dislocation. Closed reduction is feasible in outpatient care when there is no associated fracture. A review is presented of the different reduction procedures (AU)

Rigidez postraumática de codo: resultados a corto plazo de la artrólisis artroscópica / Post-traumatic elbow stiffness: arthroscopic release, short-term results

Resumen: Antecedentes: La «artrólisis¼ abierta ha sido el tratamiento estándar en la rigidez de codo, con buenos resultados; sin embargo, las complicaciones asociadas y los avances en la cirugía artroscópica han permitido incorporar esta técnica quirúrgica. Material y métodos: Entre Enero de 2014 y Marzo de 2016, seis pacientes con rigidez postraumática de codo fueron intervenidos mediante cirugía artroscópica por el mismo equipo quirúrgico. Se registró pre- y postoperatoriamente, el nivel de dolor según escala analógica visual numérica, rango de movilidad articular del codo con el uso de un goniómetro y cuestionario Mayo Elbow Performance Index. Resultados: El seguimiento medio de los pacientes fue de 14.5 meses. El valor medio en la escala analógica visual disminuyó de 4.5 a 0.3 puntos. El rango medio de movilidad del codo se incrementó de 55.3o a 130o, con una ganancia media de 75o. La puntuación media en el cuestionario MEPI pasó de 46.6 puntos a 95 puntos, con una ganancia media de 48.4 puntos. Como procedimientos asociados a la «artrólisis¼ artroscópica se realizó extracción del material de síntesis en las tres fracturas de olécranon. No hubo ningún caso de osificación heterotópica, infección superficial o neuropatía cubital. Ningún paciente precisó reintervención quirúrgica para una nueva «artrólisis¼ artroscópica o abierta. Conclusiones: La liberación artroscópica en la rigidez postraumática de codo es una técnica efectiva a corto plazo para recuperar la movilidad.

Abstract: Background: Open «arthrolysis¼ has been the standard treatment for elbow stiffness, with good results. However, the associated complications of open arthrolysis and the advancements in arthroscopic surgery have allowed including the latter as an additional approach. Material and methods: Between January 2014 and March 2016, 6 patients with posttraumatic elbow stiffness underwent arthroscopic surgery by the same surgical team. Pre- and post-operative assessment included pain with a numerical visual analogue scale, elbow joint range of motion with a goniometer and the Mayo Elbow Performance Index questionnaire. Results: Mean patient follow-up was 14.5 months. The mean VAS score decreased from 4.5 to 0.3. The mean elbow range of motion increased from 55.3o to 130o, with a mean gain of 75o. The mean MEPI questionnaire score went from 46.6 to 95, with a mean gain of 48.4 points. The procedures associated with arthroscopic «arthrolysis¼ included removal of the synthesis material from the 3 olecranon fractures. No cases of heterotopic ossification, superficial infection or ulnar neuropathy were reported. None of the patients required surgical reintervention to perform a new «arthrolysis¼, whether arthroscopic or open. Conclusions: Arthroscopic release to treat posttraumatic elbow stiffness is an effective technique to restore mobility in the short term.

Utilidad de la artrografía intraoperatoria para el tratamiento de fracturas en niños / Usefulness of intraoperative arthrogram in the treatment of pediatric fractures

Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las indicaciones y las complicaciones de una serie consecutiva de niños con fracturas a quienes se les realizó artrografía intraoperatoria. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó retrospectivamente a pacientes pediátricos con fracturas de codo o tobillo sometidos a una artrografía intraoperatoria, entre enero de 2009 y julio de 2014. Se analizaron los datos demográficos, la evolución clínica posoperatoria (criterios de la Clínica Mayo y puntaje de la AOFAS), la evolución radiográfica y las complicaciones derivadas del uso de material de contraste intrarticular. Resultados: Se evaluaron 25 pacientes (16 niños, 9 niñas) con una edad promedio de 7.6 años (rango 4-15). El seguimiento promedio fue de 30.1 meses. Quince tenían fracturas de codo y 10, de tobillo. Según el puntaje de la Clínica Mayo, 14 pacientes tuvieron resultados excelentes y uno fue bueno (promedio 99; rango 85-100). Los 10 pacientes con fracturas de tobillo obtuvieron resultados excelentes según el puntaje de la AOFAS (promedio 98,5; rango 95-100). No ocurrieron infecciones ni reacciones adversas relacionadas con el uso del medio de contraste. Tres pacientes tuvieron complicaciones no relacionadas con el uso del medio de contraste. Conclusión: La artrografía es un procedimiento simple, de bajo costo, que agrega poco tiempo quirúrgico y permite una mejor evaluación de estructuras intrarticulares para la toma de decisiones intraoperatorias. Es una herramienta útil que debe ser tenida en cuenta en el tratamiento de algunas fracturas en pediatría. Nivel de Evidencia: IV

Introduction: The objective of this study is to assess the indications and complications of a consecutive series of children with fractures where intraoperative arthrogram was performed. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated children with elbow or ankle fractures who underwent intraoperative arthrogram between January 2009 and July 2014. We assessed demographic data, postoperative clinical outcomes (Mayo Clinic and AOFAS scores), radiographic outcome and complications arising from the use of intra-articular contrast material. Results: Twenty-five patients (16 boys, 9 girls) with an average age of 7.6 years (range 4-15) were evaluated. The average follow-up was 30.1 months. There were 15 patients with elbow fractures and 10 with ankle fractures. According to Mayo Clinic score, results were excellent in 14 patients and good in one patient (average 99; range 85-100). Ten patients with ankle fractures presented excellent results according to AOFAS score (average 98.5; range 95-100). There were no in fections or adverse reactions related to the use of contrast. Three patients presented complications unrelated to the use of contrast. Conclusion: Arthrogram is a simple, low-cost procedure, adds short surgical time and allows better assessment of intraarticular structures for intraoperative decision-making. It is a useful tool that should be taken into account in the treatment of some pediatric fractures. Level of Evidence: IV